Digital Film Technology Revolutionizes the Film Industry...

Digital Film Technology Revolutionizes the Film Industry With the release of Star Wars: Episode I the Phantom Menace, in March of 1999, digital film technology officially filtered itself in to main-stream Hollywood. Digital film technology is the latest and probably most revolutionizing new technology to hit Hollywood. The use of digital film allows for infinite editing capabilities and endless benefits to distribution and special effects. The use of digital film allows for producers to add in extras, produce stunts, and even create false people with the click of a mouse. Time and cost consuming stunts, stunt doubles, and actors may no longer be a worthy concern to producers and their budgets. Though the growing†¦show more content†¦Directors and producers are allowed to let their imaginations run wild. This ease of use attracts filmmakers to convert to a digital format. The skill and cost of technology which goes into creating these effects, in return creates jobs for others. Digital film not only enhances effects, but its special effects capabilities are so great, that it is also beginning to replace people. For example, in Titanic, released in the winter of 1997/1998, false people are created to enhance the reality and excitement of the scene. The movie shows a scene which the ship tilts completely vertical. Passengers of the ship slide into the water, and fall from the rails of the enormous ship. These passengers add drama and reality to the scene. The passengers vividly dictate the harshness of the situation. Though these unfortunate passengers add a wealth of reality to the scene, they are not even real people. Creating this scene on a standard film format with stunt doubles, would have been difficult and time consuming. They were instead created with digital film technology. Digital film technology erased the need for stunt doubles. Though real people were not employed to be these characters, jobs behind the scenes were instead utili zed. Creators of the digital passengers were employed directly, and indirectly, business and jobs were harvested from the digital equipment used. Even though physical people wereShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Impact Of Digital Technology On The Film Industry1594 Words   |  7 Pages Digital Technology has taken over the world. We are now in the era where the access of digital technology is used at a frequent rate. As a result, digital technology has developed a major impact on the film industry. The transformation of the use of digital films has created a result of new advancement within technology, such as HD, 4K, 8K, and 3D films. With the birth of these visual technologies, it has created an eye-catching experience for the entertainment of the audience. 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Anyone who as ever turned on a television, gone to the movies, or seen a commercial has been exposed to an animationRead More HDTV: Implications for High Definition Television Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesEurope) television monitor.   Digital HDTV systems, by dissimilarity, broadcast pictures and sounds in the arrangement of digital data.   These numerical data are transmitted, utilizing the identical high radio frequencies that contain analog waves, and computer processors in the digital television system that then decipher the information.   Digital HDTV can transmit sharper, clearer images and sound with very diminutive interferences or other flaws.   Of more significance, digital television systems willRead More New Technology Essay2611 Words   |  11 PagesNew Technology In my research, I am focusing on the new technology dealing with computers. This technology includes CD writers, DVD players, digital cameras, and cable modems. I will describe each technology and then how it will effect today’s society. Technology is the way of the world now, so improving technology helps to improve the society. CD writers are the wave of the future. What is a CD writer one may ask? A CD writer is simply a technology device that allow one to recordRead MoreSteve Jobs : The World Wide Web1533 Words   |  7 Pagesefficient, a trademark. His products were much the same; sleek, beautiful and iconic. In a little over half a century, Jobs managed to â€Å"revolutionize six industries:  Personal computers, animated movies, music, phones, computing and digital publishing.† He stands as an icon of smartphone technology, as well as the introduction to a different era of music and animated film. Jobs saw the commercial value of Xerox PARC’s mouse-driven graphical user interface which also led to the creation of Apple’s successfulRead MoreKodak Strategic Plan2089 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Dignity of the Individual, Uncompromising Integrity, trust, Credibility, continuous improvement and personal renewal, and recognition and celebration (Kodak, 2012). The company was considered a pioneer and leader in the photography and imaging industry and the historical success certainly proves that the companys operations and strategy was perfectly aligned to these core values. Kodak’s mission is to â€Å"grow more rapidly than our competitors by providing customers with the solutions they needRead MoreNetflix Inc : An American Entertainment Company1224 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican entertainment company founded on August 29, 1997, Scotts Valley, California, by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph. It specializes in and provides streaming media, and video on demand online and DVD by mail. Netflix has been leading the way of digital content since 1997. ! As of January 6th 2016 Netflix has launched their service globally, bringing its Internet TV network to more than 130 new countries around the world. Netflix is the world’s leading Internet television network with over 93 million

The man we call Benjamin Franklin Free Essays

The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the websites on Ben Franklin’s biography and his autobiography. While disseminating the life of Benjamin Franklin through his autobiography, one learns much about the man. However when disseminating information found in the three websites below, another man slowly creeps out from behind the man already revealed. We will write a custom essay sample on The man we call Benjamin Franklin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which one is the real Benjamin Franklin? While observing the cornucopia of a man one learns that only by the process of comparing and contrasting will one be able to fix a solid face on the man we call Benjamin Franklin. All the websites addressed in this paper share common subject matter yet are different in terms of analytical approach and main focus. The biography by Edmund S. Morgan calls upon the reader to reconsider traditional assumptions about Benjamin Franklin and move away from standardized cliches. While he is best known as the author of the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, and the Constitution, these weren’t his main achievements; furthermore, the documents (with the exception of the Declaration of Independence) didn’t reflect his views and beliefs. However, this shouldn’t lead to the conclusion that Franklin was a not-so-important figure in the American history. Rather than that, the author suggests that Franklin should be applauded for other achievement and traits of character: ‘His was probably the most brilliant mind that most people who knew him had ever met, but he seldom showed it in public†¦[H]is mind would be quietly at work, trying to understand the world and the people he found in it, thinking of ways to make their lives easier’ (Morgan, 2005, para. 4). Edmund S. Morgan believes that one of the major contributions of Benjamin Franklin was through his writings. Also, more attention should be paid to Franklin’s role as an advocate for American interests in England. In general, the biography tries to present a softer side of Franklin’s personality: ‘It may be well at first to dispel the image of him as an overweight scholar peering from his desk over the bifocal glasses he invented’ (Morgan, 2005, para. 8). PBS website also tries to reveal Ben Franklin’s personality to the readers. The website focuses on multiple identities Franklin possessed — both as a public figure and personality. The website glorifies Franklin as Abolitionist, Almanac maker, Advertiser, Balloon enthusiast, Bifocals inventor, Composer, Cartoonist, Civic Citizen, Chess Player, Deist, Diplomat, Daylight Savings advocate, Enlightenment thinker, Electricity pioneer, Experimenter, Entrepreneur, Founding Father, Flirt, Fire fighter, Glass Armonica creator, Gulf Stream mapper, Genius, Humorist, Health nut, Inventor, International celebrity, Insurer, Junto creator, Journalist, Kite flyer, Librarian, Lightning rod inventor, Londoner, Medical Engineer, Militia member, Mathematician, Mason, Natural philosopher, Organizer (militia, fire dept. , street cleaning), Odometer maker, Printer, Public relations master, Publisher, Prankster, Questioner, Quartermaster, Quintessential American, Revolutionary, Reader, Scientist, Swimmer, Self-made man, Traveler, Treaty signer, University builder, Volunteer, Visionary, Vegetarian (temporarily), Writer, Weight lifter, Xenophile, Young prodigy, Yankee, Yarn spinner, and Zealot. Perhaps the most interesting out of all these epithets is ‘Quintessential American. ’ The website tries to paint a picture of Franklin as a typical representative of the American nation and a symbol of all its virtues and achievements, such as Self-education, Physical Activity, and Moral Perfection. At the same time, the website acknowledges that Benjamin Franklin was no ordinary man, since he possessed outstanding qualities and skills. It is suggested that Ben Franklin helped define the concept of ‘good citizenship’ through his involvement in and commitment to community on the local level and the nation on the global level: ‘Ben Franklin believed that people volunteering together in a spirit of cooperation could accomplish great things. Driven by a strong sense of civic duty, he involved himself in his community and his nation’ (PBS, 2002, ‘Citizen Ben,’ para. 1). The website presents Franklin’s biography in an interactive and engaging way without compromising accuracy and objectivity. The only limitation of this resource is that the information is not well-structured and far from presenting a comprehensive picture. The third website present the most, in my opinion, consistent and informative version of Franklin’s biography. It is structured according to the major periods of Franklin’s life, i. e. ‘Humble Beginnings: Franklin in Boston,’ ‘A True Journeyman: Franklin in Philadelphia,’ ‘A Promise Unfulfilled: Franklin in London,’ ‘Sprouting Roots: Back in Philadelphia,’ ‘A Busy Retirement,’ and ‘The American Patriot: Franklin and Independence. ’ Each section of the biography presents all the necessary information without going into unnecessary detail. Another compelling feature of this biography is that it is accompanied with abundant graphical aid. Yet it would be a mistake to say that ThinkQuest presents a dry and scholarly biography of Benjamin Franklin; it offers human touch through little entertaining details about this great man: ‘Inspired by his namesake uncle Benjamin, young Ben composed historical ballads (one was about the pirate Blackbeard) that were printed by his brother James in his fledgling print shop. The poems sold well’ (ThinkQuest, 1998, ‘Interesting Facts’). In order to determine how credible a certain piece of information is, it is necessary to analyze the source of this information in terms of legitimacy and possible bias. Edmund S. Morgan is a well-established historian specializing in early colonial history of America: ‘Edmund Morgan has authored dozens of books on Puritan and early colonial history, which are acclaimed for both their scholarly focus and their appeal to a general audience†¦ Morgan, who joined the Yale faculty in 1955 and retired in 1986, has received many†¦honors during his long teaching career at Yale†¦Currently the chair of the board of The Benjamin Franklin Papers—the University’s massive project publishing materials related to the Founding Father and inventor—Morgan is now at work on a study of Franklin, who, he believes, is one of the most interesting people who ever lived’ (Gonzalez, 2001). However, excessive admiration with Benjamin Franklin might come as a detriment to impartiality and objectivity — the two essential characteristics of any biographical writing. PBS website has little bias of this kind, however, it is often unclear where the information they are using comes from. There are no references or acknowledgements; no links to any works of Franklin or credible historical evidence is present. While Edmund S. Morgan extensively refers to Franklin’s own works, PBS website presents a simplified and pared-down version of Franklin biography. ThinkQuest is the only website that cites its references in an appropriate way. The authors of the biography acknowledge that they based their writing on such publications as Benjamin Franklin by Carl Van Doren, The Man Who Dared the Lightning-A New Look at Benjamin Franklin by Thomas Fleming, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Ben Franklin Laughing by P. M. Zall, Benjamin Franklin: Founding Father and Inventor by Leila Merrell Foster, and a number of other books and media resources. ThinkQuest is also an interesting information resource since it provides a sound general overview of the historical conditions existing in America in Franklin’s times. The website offers definition of different historical phenomena that are important for the general narrative, such as King George I, French and Indian War (1754-1763), and other. All the biographies present a certain picture of colonial America: through the life career of Benjamin Franklin, it is possible to understand tense relations between Europe and America, heated debate around the issue of slavery, and the rise of American identity and civil consciousness. However, the most credible source of information on Franklin’s life and times is his autobiography. This autobiography is of great relevance to the modern reader, and not merely for the reason that it provides an insight into the life of Benjamin Franklin. In his autobiography, Franklin shares his thoughts as to the organization of state and society, role of the citizens, position of America on the world’s stage and other matters of great interest and importance even for the modern reader. For example, he expresses concerns over the clash between religion and civil notion of citizenship, as he recollects that English were trying to plant certain religious ideas in America: ‘[S]ince not a single moral principle was inculcated or enforc’d, their aim seeming to be rather to make us Presbyterians than good citizens (Franklin, 2003, p. 66). ‘As for additional and types of sources, that would give greater confidence in your understanding Franklin, it is necessary to mention Franklin’s writings in the first place. As Edmund S. Morgan (2005, para. 5) correctly points out, ‘[i]n the awesome bulk of his papers, equivalent of 47 fat volumes of print, all available on this website, we can see Franklin whole. ’ Additional insight can be gained from reviewing resources dedicated to the American colonial history: greater understanding of conditions and developments of that era can aid the process of enhancing knowledge about Benjamin Franklin as a statesman, scientist, and outstanding public figure. References Franklin, Benjamin. (2003). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Touchstone. Gonzalez, Susan. (January 12, 2001). ‘Edmund S. Morgan: Sterling Professor Emeritus. ’ Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://www. yale. edu/history/faculty/morgan. html Morgan, Edmund S. (2005). ‘Introduction to the Papers of Benjamin Franklin. ’ Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://www. franklinpapers. org/franklin/framedMorgan. jsp;jsessionid=86AD99C9931B8DF535D2C1CD6A1E6923 PBS. (2002). ‘Benjamin Franklin. ’ Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://www. pbs. org/benfranklin/ ThinkQuest. (1998). ‘The Biography of Benjamin Franklin. ’ Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://library. thinkquest. org/22254/home. htm How to cite The man we call Benjamin Franklin, Papers

Ancient Greek and Ancient Chinese free essay sample

The ancient Greek and Chinese civilizations were great periods of time in history, especially their golden ages. The two golden ages were very different, with some similarities, as seen in their foreign relations, governments, and cultural achievements. The even more influential golden age, in my opinion, was the ancient Chinese civilization. In foreign relations, golden age Greece and China traded in very different ways despite similar conflicts. Greece was successful with trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea, while China was successful in trade routes across distant lands, otherwise known as the Silk Road. The two civilizations’ foreign relations had common conflicts, which were the Trojans for Greece and the Mongols for China. The ancient Greek and Chinese governments themselves had dissimilar traits, but their creations were alike. In ancient Greece, the government was a direct democracy where every citizen voted in person. Ancient China’s bureaucracy included a leading class gentry, or most educated and classy people. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Greek and Ancient Chinese or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both governments, however, were unified after a period of unrest. The two governments were similar because they both were formed after a difficult time; Greece’s golden age democracy was created after the Persian Wars, and China’s bureaucracy came after the fall of the Tang Dynasty. Golden age Greece and China both had many cultural achievements, the difference being in categories. The similarity was the influence of each civilization’s innovation. Greece had many innovations in art and architecture in particular, whereas China invented several tools used until today, such as paper money and the mechanical compass; two very different fields of achievement. Also, their artworks were different from each other; Greek art was centered around human idealism, and Chinese art’s main subject was nature. The two civilizations however still influence the modern world similarly, and other civilizations such as the Romans copying Greek methods and achievements and Japan being heavily influenced by China.

The Problem of Hell Essay Example

The Problem of Hell Essay The existence of a place for those who are corrupt and sinful, a place so full of misery and pain, a home to agony for all eternity is frightful for anyone to imagine. It has many names and connections with religions the most common name in Western Christian culture is Hell. For centuries, this abode of the damned has put fear into the hearts of Christians, keeping them aligned with the ethical and moral view of their faith. While Hell is a very real problem for many Christians, perhaps it is not what it seems to be. It is an entirely different plane of existence from that which is most commonly thought of: the usual fire and brimstone, the crackle of eternal fires and demons that tirelessly torture souls for the rest of time. Richard Swinburne, Stephen T. Davis and Marilyn McCord Adams all have written articles interpreting who it is who is exiled to Hell, and what exactly Hell is. I agree with them for the most part with who is sent there, but I think that Hell is something much different than the traditional view that Christians hold. In Stephen T. Davis essay Universalism, Hell and the Fate of the Ignorant, he argues that while Universalism, the belief that all will be rescued, is a good idea it is not plausible. He is himself a Separationist; one who believes some will eternally be away from God. In his essay he takes the argument of the Universalist (the idea that through the atonement of Jesus, every person who has ever lived will ultimately be saved), identifying the good points of it, and then gives his critique. Next he takes the point of the separatist stating his case for that belief. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Hell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Hell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Hell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He notes that God hates sin and sinners, and although this is plausible, it seems to be a contradiction of His eternal Love and Tolerance. It is also a common Christian belief that God hates the sin, but loves the sinner, and Davis seems to have missed this. But then Davis goes on to say the existence of Hell is a form of therapy to bring so called sinners closer to God through repentance and absolution. He thus says that the wrath of God is part of his overall strategy to bring the people back to Him. The Universalist believes that Hell is merely temporary, and will exist forever, for some have hardened their heart against God. This point is valid: some have had an incident or a tragedy that has turned them away from their faith, their God. Although Davis says God has, according to the Universalist, unlimited time and resources to bring these people back to Him; God will not force anyone into His Kingdom. He wants them to choose freely, and this is something that may cause a problem for some Christians their own free will. Davis makes a good argument for Universalism with the notion that true bliss in Heaven is difficult if a sanctified soul has a loved one in Hell. In Davis critique of Universalism, he notes that Separationists can also believe that God will save everyone. He also believes that Universalists misinterpret the texts, and that their view of Hell and its attachment to God and sin would cause the traditional outlook of salvation Christians have. Davis also notes that the interpretations are not viewed in the entirety of the scriptures and thus seem inconsistent with the testimony. Davis admits that he really likes the idea of total salvation for all, but cannot see the logical reasoning the Universalists have. Davis view on Hell is that it is a place where you are out of Gods light and love, separated from Him, but not totally, else it would not exist. Davis further explains that Hell is a place where the source of all joy, peace and love does not reach causing its inhabitants to be miserable and tormented. People are not sent to Hell, but rather, freely choose to live there out of Gods sight. God, in his infinite Love, allows Hell to exist for those who are ignorant of God so they will not be miserable in Heaven. Davis agrees that one can freely choose Hell over Heaven in they so wish. Hell, Davis explains, is consistent with Gods power and love, for He created Hell as a home for those who choose to ignore Him, and that is a showing of Love. Top address the philosophical points, Davis says that while God has the power to impose His will on humanity, he does not because then we would clearly be robotic with no free will. Some Christians believe that salvation is a matter of grace, in that we are all sinful but still God forgives us out of His love for us; we should be condemned, but are saved by this loving and merciful God. Davis makes a small mistake in his view of Separatism here, because this theory of Grace causes some inconsistencies in its line of belief. If an all-loving God cannot condemn us, then grace has no part of it either, and He is simply justly freeing us from an underserved punishment. He finally argues that while the Bible says that all go to God through Christ, it is not the final authority on all aspects of Christian belief and practice. It should be implied to take into account those born before Christ and those who have never encountered any form of Christianity. Davis makes many good points in his essay. His idea of Universalism is a good idea and allows for the chance of salvation in the end. Another good point is that Hell is a separation from God, and he explains that it is a place that people are miserable by being out of the reach of Gods love and light. His view that humanity has the free will to choose or reject God agrees with Christian teaching, however he thinks that Hell is merely an extension of Gods love. This would seem like an oxymoronic statement. Hell is an existence without God, and therefore cannot relate to Gods love whatsoever. Richard Swinburnes text Theodicy of Heaven and Hell discusses things in the context of the clearly good and the clearly bad (37). He makes reference to Catholicism in this paper, and says that to be admitted to Heaven one must have faith formed from a love of God. He also makes an interesting case for the people who were either born before Christianity or for those who have yet to hear Christs message. His point is that God should allow those who follow his ways and who live good lives into heaven whether they know Christs message or not. He further says that we do not choose our beliefs in the beginning, but outside influences force a change in them over time. This too may cause considerable stress on Christians who are looking, even if just for the sake of curiosity, at other religions and belief structures. He states that all those who seek truth be granted access to Heaven: whether they find truth or not is irrelevant. The attempt is all that is necessary. He poses the logical question of whether a loving and merciful God would share the bliss of Heaven with all, including the bad, or at least shape souls to become good and thereby gain admittance. The reality, it would seem, would be that a loving God would allow all into Heaven, but He would not shape a soul to do what He desires of them. This would take away mans free will, and a loving God would not do that. Swinburne tries to understand why a just God would seal a mans fate at his death, and so he makes a point to say that God does not do that. It would seem that he believes all souls can get to Heaven because God will not judge us. This would seem to be a contradiction to his earlier statement that only those who seek truth will enter Heaven. Christians may become confused by this and sense that they are going to Heaven no matter what, which is not what Swinburne is saying. He describes Heaven in placid terms that supreme happiness in Heaven is to know God, to have Him as your friend. This implies that God isnt your friend to begin with which seems absurd. He points out that Heaven is a home for good people, and not a reward for good actions. He also talks about mans free will, and that if God were to take that away, it would be detrimental to mans well-being and God cannot act in any contradictory way such as this. He makes an interesting comment that if God subjected sinners to an infinite amount of pain, physical and emotional, it would be inconsistent with His infinitely good nature. He really makes no mention of Hell within his essay, but more a guide to Heaven and its benefits. Swinburne does make references to Hell, but not to the circumstances which condemn a soul to damnation, nor to what it is actually like. This seems odd since he incessantly discusses Heaven. This article, while encouraging many to become better people, it fails to show that there is still a problem of a place where fear rules and chaos is as common as dew in the morning. In the article The Problem of Hell: A Problem of Evil for Christians, the author, Marilyn Adams presents her view that some people will be consigned forever to Hell, and that the Christians may be somewhat troubled by this theory. Nobody is safe, it would seem. Adams tackles the problem on two levels at the theoretical level, and the pragmatic level. She first discusses the logical impossibility of God and evil existing at the same time, but tells the readers of her essay that she will attempt to clarify the issue. According to many traditional theologians, she explains, Divine Sovereignty means that God has no bounds on whatever doctrine of salvation He has established. After all, He is Truth Himself! She further explains that God could negate our existence after death, that Hell is legislated as a temporary reform school for sinners to which they will afterwards be placed into an eternal Utopian environment (oxymoronic given that Utopia literally means no place in Latin). Adams explains that many Christians have a kind of free will defence. While God ultimately desires that all His children be saved, he has given man the ability to work out his own destinies for himself to be separate and yet one with God simultaneously. Damnation is not something God does to his creations, but rather something He allows to befall mankind for its actions. With regards to Divine Justice, she writes that God can, logically, never be unjust. Her reasoning follows from Anselms theory that God is not obligated to us in any way, since He is infinite in all aspects, and we are only finite. We are thus insignificant with regards to God. This is uncomforting given the thought that we may not have any value to Him. An interesting point of Adams is that because we are finite, we could not comprehend some things in their entirety. If we were to experience the agonies of Hell or the glorious bliss of Heaven for a finite period, we still could not understand the full extent of either plane. Adams makes mention of Anselms view that the severity of the sin is not only based on the actions of the individual, but also on the relationship that he has with God. Since God deserves nothing but worship, honour, respect and the like, any offence against Him is considered immeasurably indecent, and thus, infinitely offensive. Adams reply to this view is that fair to have consequences that greatly outweigh the offence of a created being. Human life all starts out helpless, weak and ignorant, and unable to make decisions. As a child grows, he constructs a view of the world and everything in it over time. His interaction with human nature and the environment forms as well. The habits we develop, she writes, become rooted in our personality like character traits or quirks, thus giving us individuality. These habits are acted out in an individuals life unintentionally, even though they could possibly cause suffering to themselves and to others before realizing it and attempting to make the arduous and emotionally painful change of spiritual reformation. Therefore, we are no more responsible at certain times in our lives (such as infancy) than children, and that God like a parent is the primary source of responsibility and He is culpable. This portrays God as an unfit parent one who is never available. This is a frightening thought. Another interpretation is that Hell is the consequence of human error. Adams makes a mention of Universalism. By removing the threat of Hell, people would lose their motivation to maintain their moral diligence. This is prevalent in modern society. The media and thus popular thought trivialize Hell and Satan, and sadly enough, God and Christ as well; the whole spiritual concept is foreign to a large portion of the population of the western world. These three authors seem to generally agree, and imply that while not everyone may go to Hell, still no one is truly good. To illustrate this point, Paul stated in Romans 3:10 and 3:13: And there is none righteous, no not one For all have sinned, and fall short of the Glory of God. It seems as if man has no choice but to wait and see what awaits him in the end. Davis and Adams present a conception of Hell while Swinburne avoids this issue. While the orthodox view is one of fire and brimstone, the Devil upon his throne of sulphur and skulls, and demons tormenting souls for eternity, this may seem somewhat excessive and a very Hollywood fabricated idea. It would seem more likely that Hell is simply living outside of the love of God, and that would be eternal sadness, and thus the fire and tormenting etc, may seem irrelevant. Anything we do here on earth affects our eternal standing with God, and those unjust and evil acts have adverse effects. Hell might be complete and utter darkness for all time with no feelings but those of agony, remorse, sadness and the likes. It is interesting to note that Dante, in his Divine Comedy presents Hell as icy cold: as far removed as possible from the source of all light and warmth. This is contrary to the conventional view of Hell, but it makes perfect sense. Satan eternally beats his bat-like wings in an attempt to free himself from the icy prison in which he is frozen, but the constant beating of his wings keeps the inner circle of Hell frozen. The ideas presented are not meant to trivialize and dumb down the idea of Satan and the brutality of Hell. Given Gods eternal love however to live without that love and joy would be punishment enough, and thus Hell.

Gold Standard

Gold Standard The gold standard is the idea that gold, rather than paper money, holds a specific value and goods and services are to be priced according to that value. The value is based on the weight and fineness of the gold bullion. Just after the Great Depression, one of major ideas to get the economy booming again was that gold and silver could be a great source of wealth for the United States. Early economists did not believe in anything except payment for any goods in gold. Major advantages said that gold was the only type of wealth to actually be held on to and for the most part it would not lose its value. (We know that this wasn't true!) Other ideas included that gold is the only way for a nation to gain power and riches. Economists figured that the only way to store up gold was to have a surplus of exports to countries and payments were to be in gold.US gold certificate (1922)The more they exported the more they country would get back in gold. There was also belief that increases in the amount of gold circulated would reduce interest rates and promote business.The gold standard trend caught on very quickly and soon the United States became accustomed to it. The economic devastation after World War I saw most of the developed nations suspend their gold standards (to later return to it) and all suffered from varying degrees of inflation. Devaluation is done in to reverse inflation, a step crucial to returning to the gold standard. There were a number of devaluation's in the 1920's to go back to the gold standard, as much the world did after the war. These devaluation's were used as "runs" on currencies that boosted employment and an increased the business cycle.

Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens

Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens Answers to Reader Questions About Hyphens By Mark Nichol Questions about hyphens come up often in correspondence from Daily Writing Tips readers. I’ve answered a few of the queries here. 1. Should â€Å"higher cost† and â€Å"higher earning† be hyphenated in â€Å"replace higher cost funding and â€Å"repurpose collateral into higher earning assets†? Yes, to clarify that you’re referring to funding that is higher cost, not cost funding that is higher, and assets that are higher earning, not earning assets that are higher, hyphenate in both cases. (Even though â€Å"cost funding† and â€Å"earning assets† are not standing phrases, the hyphens help readers avoid being distracted by reading them that way.) 2. I would have expected some nagging [in this post] about the hyphen; would it not be better to have torch-bearer or torchbearer [in place of â€Å"torch bearer†]? You’re right I used the correct form of torchbearer in my commentary but neglected to notice and note that the tattoo incorrectly styles the word as an open compound. I guess I was distracted. Treatment of various open compounds with a common element aren’t necessarily consistent: One who bears a torch is a torchbearer, but one who bears a standard is a standard-bearer, and one who bears an ensign (essentially the same as a standard) is an ensign bearer. It’s nearly unbearable. 3. Nice list [of reduplicative doublets]. I’m intrigued some of them are hyphenated and some not. I wonder what the deciding factor is for that. Good point about the hyphenation; I should have included a note about that. Because English has never had a body that regulates standards, inclusion or exclusion of hyphens in such constructions, as in many other language matters, is arbitrarily and inconsistently based on a variety of factors. 4. Given your recent article on possessives, I wanted to write in with a question. There is typically a notice period of thirty, sixty, or ninety days required before an investor is allowed to redeem. How does one state this? I’ve seen it as â€Å"ninety days’ notice† (as if the notice belonged to the ninety days) and â€Å"ninety days notice.† I typically restate it as â€Å"ninety day notice period† to avoid this ambiguity, but then I’m not sure if that should properly be â€Å"ninety-day† or if the dash is not needed. The correct form is â€Å"ninety days’ notice (meaning â€Å"notice of ninety days†). The phrase is written in the genitive case, in which a noun modifies another noun, usually in the form of one noun possessing the other (â€Å"ninety days notice† is common but incorrect). If you continue to use your alternative phrasing, a hyphen should connect ninety and days â€Å"ninety-day notice period† but I recommend â€Å"ninety days’ notice.† 5. Thanks for the funny signs [link to post]! â€Å"Shouldn’t â€Å"ill advised’ and ‘well educated’ have been hyphenated in your examples? Phrasal adjectives such as the ones you mentioned, often hyphenated before a noun, should be styled without a hyphen when they follow the noun. Here’s a post about that particular point; you’ll find more posts about phrasal adjectives by searching for that phrase on this site. Note: Many Daily Writing Tips readers ask questions about various language issues in the comment field for a post, while others send queries as an email message to the site. We welcome your notes, but please comment rather than email; that way, other site visitors will be able to read your questions and my responses as well as notes from other readers. (I try to answer all specific requests for information or clarification or refer readers to existing applicable content, though sometimes I rely on other readers to weigh in on comments.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionGrammatical Case in English

Vigilant IT professionals Wk 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vigilant IT professionals Wk 7 - Essay Example The general responsibilities include managing information technology and computer systems; ensuring that the technology is smoothly accessible and effectively equipped with both hardware and software systems; and being able to regularly monitor and maintain technology to ensure maximized accessibility and application (Information Technology Manager, 2005). The primary concern therefore for the IT manager is sustaining effective operation of the computer system and applications within an organization at maximum ability and at the minimum cost. Aside from keeping abreast with the latest technological developments that concern the organization’s upkeep of both hardware and software system, the task of the IT manager includes identifying risks and threats of security and ensuring that the organization’s data and information system would not be compromised. The IT manager must be able to detect vulnerabilities and threats and be able to address security issues, breach of confidentiality and other information-related concerns at the soonest possible time with ease, high competence, and exemplary use of sensory, cognitive and problem-solving skills. This is a type of position that one looks forward to holding in the near future. The opportunities open for an IT manager are vast and the nature of the work is appropriately challenging due to the fast pace of technological advancement. From the information contained in the Occupational Outlook Handbook for Computer and Information Systems Managers the compensation offered is relatively high with â€Å"the median annual wage of computer and information systems managers (amounting to) $115,780 in May 2010† (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012, p. 1), or about $55.67 per hour. Likewise, the job outlook is positive with an indicated growth rate of 18% for the years 2010 up to 2012. Likewise, as disclosed, â€Å"growth will be driven by organizations upgrading their IT systems and switching to

Maritime low Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Maritime low - Essay Example This means that in order for there to be grounds or justification for a salvage operation, or effort, it is imperative that a vessel be identified as confronting imminent pr potential peril. The danger, or peril, referred to here implies the actual, imminent or potential confrontation of conditions which would, or already have, exposed the vessel to the threat of loss, destruction or deterioration. Not only that but, for salvage to be justified, the vessel in question cannot have the situation under control. Quite simply stated, if the supposedly endangered vessel has threat under control, then there are no grounds for salvage. Hence, salvage is predicated on the presence of a risk to all that which is on board the vessel. As pertains to the concept of danger, it is necessary to highlight the importance of English case law as regards its precise meaning and implications. This is because, even though the Merchant Shipping Act, 1995, sections 224 and schedule 111 have ratified the Salvage Convention, 1989 and, in so doing, conceded t its supremacy, the fact is that many terms remain undefined in the mentioned convention. Among these terms is that of danger which, although mentioned in Article 1(a) of the Convention is not defined by it. Precisely because of this, case law emerges as important. In the matter of Sem... In this instance, it is apparent that the term, as used in the context of the law of salvage, is encompasses varying degrees of threat/peril. The identification of the degree of danger which a vessel was confronting, or could probably confront prior to the salvage effort is, as outlined in Semco Salvage & Marine Pte. Ltd. v. Lancer Navigationessential for the determination of he amount of the salvage reward. Prior to defining the other components of the law of salvage, it is necessary to explain the precise nature of the services referred to. Under the law of salvage, and as Friedell (1979) explains, the referred to services are generally, and most commonly, towing services, as entails towing the imperiled vessel away from the endangering situation to safety. Apart from that, however, services further include any form of assistance rendered to an endangered vessel, including but not limited to, standing by the vessel until assistance arrives or moving persons on board the endangered vessel for the purpose of saving both life and maritime property (Friedell, 1979). Although the meaning of services is straightforward, it would be informative to turn to case law for determination of its precise implications. In the matter of Tavoulareas v Tsavliris & Ors [2003] EWHC 550 (Comm) (21 March 2003), the court reiterated the fact that within the context of salvage operations, services referred to any acts which were executed for the purpose of alleviating the danger confronting the vessel in question and, included both services which were contracted for and services which were not contracted for. In other words, services could be extended by any

Role of the United States Government Essay Example for Free

Role of the United States Government Essay Introduction In the recent past, we cannot deny that the media industry has experienced monumental growth both in terms of revenues and global expansion. Like other businesses, such as banking and manufacturing, the media business has enjoyed globalized operations to expand and grow, becoming one of the biggest conglomerates in the world. World media has proactively employed information technology and advancement in communication to expand their operations spanning several nations and continents. The news sector of world media seems to have captured most audience. Big corporations such as Cable News Network (CNN), Fox News, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and CBS dominate the news corporations with a worldwide reach. In the same regard, entertainment media, such as movies and television shows have also experienced immense growth. Companies from the U.S., for instance Walt Disney, Time Warner, News Corporation and New York Times Company are some of the biggest companies in world media market. U.S. firms have been able to pose formidable media entities in print and digital media services. They have also played an active role in asserting the views of the West with respect to the world issues and, therefore, becoming key players in the global media industry. Thus, for such commendable growth to be witnessed, the United States government must have, in one way or another, assisted these firms to grow and expand to the global market. While the U.S. government has always maintained zero interference in media, such policy is by itself is an active role. This essay will discusses the role of the United States government in assisting U.S. firms expand to the international market. Neoliberal Policies of the 1980s One of the most profound roles of the government in allowing growth in media and globalization is the neoliberal policies and stances adopted in the 1980s. The U.S. government with other likeminded governments, such as the United Kingdom, adopted neoliberal policies in the media industry. The term neoliberal is a multifaceted ideology with different meanings under dissimilar circumstances. However, Pickard (2007) argues that the term simply refers to efforts towards privatization, liberalization, deregulation and globalization of an industry. The U.S. government sought to allow the media industry propelling itself as guided by economics and other drivers of business. Privatization Drive Neoliberal polices first allowed and encouraged the privatization of media companies. With regard to this, private investors took up media operations an introduced new ways of running such businesses. Efficiency and competition became the norm and advertising transformed into a target of the competition. Similarly, foreign investors accepted the lure of privately run media corporations and thus created domestic competition that was unrivalled elsewhere in the world. Such competition led to mergers and buyouts; as a result, a few giants were left to compete in the market. Soon, the expansion in the U.S. was only possible in slight increments and, hence, expansion to the global market was paramount. Such magnificent growth in the United States motivated other nations, especially in the European Union, adopt similar policies (McChesney 2001). Open and competitive market gave the U.S. conglomerates an opportunity to invest in other countries. Today, the biggest media firms in the world are the American firms that expanded after privatizations of businesses. Loosening of Restrictions on Ownership Structures Additionally, neoliberal policies reduced restrictions in antitrust laws and cross ownership of business (Yong 2012). This allowed media businesses to undertake both horizontal and vertical integration. Horizontal integration is where a business diversifies its operation by owning subsidiaries of different sectors (Deloitte 2012). For instance, Time Warner is known print media, news networks and movie productions houses. On the other hand, vertical integration can be defined as businesses owning a business with one main stream of business or practice. Thus, loosening of cross ownership restrictions gave room for business to expand to different units and to the global market. A new approach to media business that emerged was the convergence of business. Convergence of business is where two, proportionately big firms, join to share audience as well as brand names (McChesney 2001). A notable case of convergence in the U.S. media industry was the convergence between AOL and Time Warner. While other convergences have also been experienced, the economic results have been mixed. The AOL merger experienced difficult economic conditions that they later preferred to de-converge. In all loosen restrictions on laws has provided for media to explore all sorts of business arrangement. Zero Government Intervention The United States government has always taken pride in itself as one of the most liberal government in the world. The term liberal has been used in the sense that the government adopts a hands-off policy towards the content and the manner in which media houses are run. To this end, the responsibility of ensuring that content and information dissemination is done in a responsible way rests with the media firms. Global Expansion of US Media Industries 5 Such a non regulated media demands that media firms seek professionalism in passing information. Pickard (2007) argues that a media free of government intervention has to go an extra mile in order to gain public acceptance. The U.S. media firm has employed professionalism in reporting and entertaining the public. Democracy and open space that the U.S. government has maintained has allowed media firms expressing varied opinion on different issues. Further, the freedom of expression that has been assured by the constitution and protected by the government has fostered a media that can be termed ‘the peoples’ ‘watchdog’. Thus the government has opened up itself for scrutiny by privately owned media firms in a move that improves on transparency (Reportlinker.org 2012). Such a responsible media has made other nations around the world to envy such media firms. American news networks such as CNN and Fox News broadcast to a lmost every corner of the globe. Many countries have these news broadcasts translated as their differences languages. These firms have been deemed as independent and professional media houses. Such acceptance is due to the good perception that these media firms enjoy back home. The U.S. government, by providing free space, has allowed U.S. media firms being accepted all over the world and, thus, facilitated the expansion. Conclusion From all of the information, it can be concluded that the United States media firms are one of the biggest non-financial conglomerates in the world. Companies such as Vivendi, Sony, AOL Time Warner and Viacom report billions of dollars in revenues. While the firm may appear to operate like other old conglomerates, the companies did not exist two decades ago. The American government played a vital role in fostering media firm expansions. The first change that the government implemented was the introduction of the neoliberal policies that the Global Expansion of US Media Industries 6 government instituted in the 1980s. These policies first allowed private ownership of media firms. Privatization of media firms allowed private investors running media firms and employ sound business practices. Either, privatization of media firms allowed foreign investors seeking stake in these firms and pursuing expansion. Global expansion was a result of massive expansion and competition. The second role hat neoliberal policies played was the loosening of media ownership restrictions. This allowed media houses practicing both vertical and horizontal integration as practiced in other sectors. The final and perhaps the most important role that the government has played is establishing independence of the media. The U.S. government has adopted a policy where the government has fully eliminated itself from the media business. Independence of media has created public trust within the country and beyond. This allows media houses broadcasting and disseminating information in the regions other than the United States. References Deloitte 2012, Where the true growth lies; the market for digital media, Deloitte ConsultingLLP. McChesney, R 2001, Global media, neoliberalism imperialism, viewed 22 October 2012, . Pickard, V 2007, Neoliberal visions and revisions in global communications policy from NWICO to WSIS, Journal of Communication Inquiry, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 118-139. Reportlinker.org 2012, Media industry: market research reports, statistics and analysis, viewed 22 October 2012, http://www.reportlinker.com/ci02088/Media.html. Yong, D 2012, The political Eeconomies of media: the transformation of the global media industries, viewed 22 October 2012, http://www.bloomsburyacademic.com/view/PoliticalEconomiesMedia_9781849664264/c hapter-ba-9781849664264-chapter-008.xml.

Why I Want To Attend College :: College Admission Essay

My purpose and goals in attending college is to make something of my life. Noone want's to be a nobody. But sometimes it takes time in order for one to realize this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon graduation from highschool, I, like the majority of other highschool graduates, had no clue what direction my life was heading or even what I wanted to become. So after graduation I decided to explore my options at the University of Pittsburgh. Wow, was this a mistake. Not only was the college to big for my own well being, but the big University provided too many distractions. This is why I feel I have finally taken the right and first step in securing my future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, I am attending Waynesburg college in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, majoring in computer science and minoring in business. I have always had a fascination when it comes to computers and I think that this is a very good

Culture and Politics Essay

Culture and politics: An interesting concept, the idea of culture is hard to define. What exactly is culture? How does it affect us? In J. Harry Wray’s book Sense and Nonsense: American Culture and Politics, he says culture is â€Å"a shared symbol system, linking members of a group to each other and to history, thus providing them with an identity.† What this means is that culture is how different groups respond to and interpret symbols. As examples Wray talks about a aboriginal tribe in Malaysia who believe that thunder storms are the result of human violations of the natural order of things, whereas we see thunder storms as the mixing of a hot air mass colliding with a cooler one in the presence of certain conditions. Now that I’ve tried to define culture I want to try to show its importance. By defining culture as the way a collected group of people interpret symbols one must try to give an example of these symbols. Cultural symbols are essentially anything that is thought of as unique to a group people; however, it really could be anything such as a house, car, clothes, but also street signs, telephones, television, and radio. These cultural â€Å"symbols† are everywhere and usually we aren’t even aware that they are symbols of and to our culture. Since culture is the way we interpret these symbols, it is very important to realize that these symbols will affect our culture and moreover they will affect our politics. The ways our symbols will affect our politics are that they can change our perspectives and ideas about our communities and the world around us. Symbols in culture often affect politics and how government works, an example that Wray gives is the importance of family. In the U.S. family is stressed by almost every politician seeking office, however the Family Leave Bill took years to be voted into law. This controversial bill would allow a parent of a new born to take up to sixteen weeks of leave, without pay, without worrying about being fired. In Sweden, however, there were already different options for new parents. New parents there have the options of either parent taking up to a year off, with eighty percent of pay, or they can reduce their workload to five hours over the first few  years of early childhood at full pay. It makes me wonder why, in a society that is so focused on family that it took years to pass a bill that only gives one option and only to people who work for big businesses and in Sweden there were already at least two options. Another aspect of culture and politics is through multiculturalism. We generally think of society as a melting pot, but this really doesn’t explain multiculturalism well. Wray suggests that we think of our society as a mosaic, where different tiles represent different groups of people. This is a pretty good representation, but it is hard to decide how to split people up into different tiles. As more and more people come to the U.S. they change the society and may not fit into a tile that already exists. This shows how hard it is to actually define multiculturalism. Wray also suggests that we think of society as a cooking pot. As something is added to the stew it becomes part of the stew, sometimes it can even be completely dissolved onto the stew, but it can still be tasted. One way multiculturalism affects us is that it makes us more sensitive to differing views. In a society where there are people from different cultures you have to be able to listen to and make judgments for these people. In a society like ours you have to try to do what is good for everyone and that is hard when there are many cultures mixed together. Another way culture is affected is that you have different symbols to interpret and you will have different ways of interpreting these symbols. This will cause you to be sensitive to the views of others because you don’t know how symbols will be interpreted by other people therefore you have to think about how to make your ideas universal. In the end we see that culture is very important in our society and that it is very important to politics. Culture is present everywhere and sometimes we don’t even realize how it affects us. We also see that culture is very hard to define because there are so many different ways to look at culture, you can think of culture as symbols, or the way people live, or the native art or music. Whatever you think, culture is probably one of the most important influences on politics.

What is a Referendum and what are the arguments against them?

1) What is a Referendum? A referendum is when a citizen (18+) is asked to express their opinion on a certain issue or proposal. Unlike an election this process is not binding and the outcome is open to discussion. A referendum can result in a new constitution, law, amendment, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of direct democracy. 2) A referendum is when a citizen (18+) is asked to express their opinion on a certain issue or proposal. Many have been issued in the past; examples of this are, 11 September 1997. Tony Blair issued a pre-legislative referendum held in Scotland asking whether there was support for the creation of a Scottish Parliament with devolved powers, and whether the Parliament should have tax-varying powers. The reason for this was the Labor party had just won the election and included in their manifesto was the establishment of a Scottish Parliament. 4th November 2004, Tony Blair (Labor Party) issued a referendum in Northern England. The votes concerned the question of devolving limited political powers from the UK Parliament to elected regional assemblies in North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber. The reason for this was Labor government attempted to introduce regional assemblies, to be directly elected. 5th May 2011, the ‘Alternative Vote’ referendum was drawn up as part of the Conservative- Liberal Democrat coalition, to be asked across the whole U.K. The Referendum concerned whether to replace the present voting system with an alternative one. This was because the Labor government, who were previously in power in 2010, used their majority to pass an amendment to their Constitutional Reform Bill to include a referendum on the introduction of AV to be held in the next Parliament, naming a desire to restore trust in Parliament in the wake of the 2009 expenses scandal. 3) Arguments against Referendums In this essay i will talk about the arguments against referendums, the effects and sometimes consequences it can incur. A referendum is when a citizen (18 years and above) is asked to express their opinion on a particular issue. In Britain, referendums date back to 1973 and ever since has been used as a mechanism for feedback on issues regarding laws, voting systems and so on, its a form of direct legislation, used selectively. Those who are against direct legislation will argue that the use of referendums is an opening for politicians to absolve themselves of responsibility for making difficult decisions. When representatives know that ultimately the result of their efforts may be reversed by the process of referendum, they will take little interest in the discharge of their legislative duties. It doesn't even reflect well on the party issuing it. If the measure succeeds at the popular vote the credit for it goes to the people and if it doesn't, the blame goes to the legislature. We elect a Prime Minister, legislatures, to make the decisions of how to run our country. By electing, its an official notion that we trust them to conduct, obviously voting the party who's manifesto we are partial to. Referendums are useful, yes, but how does it make legislatures look when matters such as ‘do you want a Mayer'- 1998, Tony Blair are issued. When was the time when legislatures took the bull by its horns and made decisions for the good of the nation and not based on doing what the people want so they'll get voted in the next election. As Margaret Thatcher once said, â€Å"if you just set out to be liked, you would be prepared to compromise on anything wouldn't you and you would achieve nothing†. Referendums seem to be a vehicle to become the apple of the nations eye to the point that in 1997 elections- The Labor party promised in their manifesto a referendum for the establishment of a Scottish parliament knowing that Scotland wanted it but just didn't get enough votes last time. Governments are also unlikely to hold them unless they are fairly confident they will win the vote, which was the case in 2004, the devolution referendum for the North East. Labor wanted to create English Regional Assemblies and thought they would win the vote therefore created three referendums only for the first one to be rejected by the public. And this being the case, the government are unlikely to be neutral participants and the phrasing of the questions can distort the results. So is a referendum really the government wanting us to tick the yes so they can blame us if something goes wrong? Apart from the time consuming, expensive and tedious way that is involved in a referendum, after all that, who's to say that people will vote? One of the criticisms against direct legislation and a really compelling one, relates to the small size of the votes cast at a referendum. The result of the ballot does not fairly represent popular opinion, because in most cases, opponents of the issue will go to the polls in larger proportion than its supporters. Moreover, when people are frequently asked to cast their votes, as is when Tony Blair was elected in 1997, making referendums a much more important part of politics, they'll begin to abstain from voting. Its nice to be included in the decision but people become tired of voting after a while. The result is that the decision arrived at is that of the minority and it becomes difficult to know whether there is any public opinion at all on the referendum. Seeing as the referendum is time consuming, it sometimes involves harmful delays in passing many laws of vital national importance. All this takes away from the educative value of the referendum. When you have citizens who are not interested in public affairs and the issue is of national importance, the referendum becomes a comedy. As was the case in June 1975 when the Labor government had a power split on the issue of Europe and issued a referendum across the whole United Kingdom- ‘Do you want to stay in the EC?' Because of this time gap, while the ballot is lying on your kitchen table, coverage on the issue from the media whether it is newspapers, TV etc. can significantly influence the result. Whereas if the issue would have been dealt with in parliament alone- you would not get the opinion of people who are paid to keep people entertained. The real difference between direct action and the action of the legislatures are the voters cannot assemble and discuss matters and consequently the opportunity to arrive at truth is lost. Truth emerges from the clash of opinions. Which brings us back to the substantialness of referendums. Finally, some could argue that referendums undermine (or have potential to) Parliamentary Sovereignty. Parliament is certainly threatened by the use of referendums. Referendums put the people before the parliament. The sovereignty of parliament becomes the sovereignty of the people, introducing direct democracy into the political system, challenges the indirect, representative democracy that has been the essence of UK political system. If the people vote one way, their representatives another, who should prevail, who is sovereign? In conclusion the manner in which the referendum is used reflects greatly on the government and at times can make you question the quality of the governments political parties. The referendum can be of great use but whether the pro outweigh the cons or vice versa is relative to the issue at hand. Using the drawbacks we've discussed one can assume or hope that if legislatures had an option, referendums would not be their first choice.

Parasite mediated sexual selet essays

Parasite mediated sexual selet essays Why do some birds have long tails, others have bright plumage or patterns and others possess beautifully complicated songs. Many animal behaviourists have agreed that all these characteristics are developed as a result of female sexual selection, but that is where the agreement stops. The many theories on the evolution of secondary sexual characters, are an evolution in their own right. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the research and hypotheses on this subject. How did each come about and lead to another, which was proven and find the answer to the question: How do females benefit from choosing a male with an enhanced morphological feature? Sexual selection is a corollary of natural selection and the two processes work in the same manner. Natural and sexual selection often create different selection pressures: natural selection results in traits that enhance reproduction and survival, where as sexual selection results in traits that enhance reproductive success, but at the expense of survival (Ghiselin(1969) of Darwin in Birkenhead Sexual selection occurs when the members of one sex mate disproportionately with members of the opposite sex on the basis of secondary traits, i.e. behaviours or structures other than reproductive organs or gametes. Sexual selection can occur in two ways; as a result of competition between members of the same sex (intrasexual) or by female choice of the fittest male following intra sexual competition or salesmanship (intersexual) (Clayton 1991). One of the most important factors determining the intensity of sexual selection is the relative amount of parental investment by each sex (Trivers 1972 in Krebs The sex investing least are more involved in intrasexual competition, where as the sex investing most are more discriminating in their choice of partner (Trivers 1972 in Birkenhead & Moller 1991). Trivers (1972) suggested that because sperm were...

A Journey Through The Golden Gates Of

Promise Essay, Research PaperA Journey Though the? Golden Gates? of PromiseGreat contention exists over the true promises of the? Golden Gates? in the United States. Discrimination occurs with different cultural groups, but for those immigrants permitted into the state, the chances are first-class. The Torahs and patterns established to command in-migration into the United States limit the sum of poorness that can be present in the state. Without these of import patterns and Torahs created by the United States Congress, ? cheap? labour would overmaster American citizen labour and take the state to an economic and societal calamity. Although the United States is frequently criticized for its constitution of in-migration Torahs and patterns during 1865 and 1930, these actions are really just.It seems that the people of China have received a batch sum of favoritism as they try to venture into the promise lands of the United States. Early favoritism of the Chinese is revealed when sing e arly Torahs and patterns of the United States towards in-migration. Not merely did Congress base on balls Torahs and limitations against Chinese but the attitudes of citizens towards the Chinese frequently led to tumults and resentment towards the immigrants geting from China.In the 1850? s, the California legislative assembly passed a series of anti-Chinese limitations. These limitations forbade Chinese Americans to inscribe their kids in public schools, to get married Whites, or to attest against Whites in the tribunal of jurisprudence. Some peculiar tribunal instances display the effects of this jurisprudence. A really disconcerting California tribunal instance determination in the 1850? s for the Chinese people is called Peoples vs. Hall. In August of 1853, George W. Hall, his brother, and their friend assaulted a Chinese mineworker in Nevada County. When Ling Sing, the Chinese adult male? s cousin, came to assist him, Hall shooting and killed Ling Sing. During the original test , Hall was found guilty of slaying charges and sentenced to decease. Hall appealed the determination to the California Supreme Court and he was acquitted because no white informants to the slaying were available. This logical thinking is supported by the California State Civil Practice Act ( under Section 394 ) that says no black, mulatto, or Indian can give testimony against white suspects in condemnable instances. The contention over this instance occurs non merely because of the obvious favoritism but because Chinese are non specifically referred to in the act and it is assumed that Indians and Asians belong to the same cultural group. Basically anyone who was non considered white was looked down upon by the American white population. # 8220 ; The word # 8216 ; white # 8217 ; has a distinguishable meaning, which ex vi end point, excludes black, xanthous, and all other colourss, # 8221 ; ( Beesley 123 ) . Chief Justice Hugh C. Murray, felt that the line had to be drawn, farthe r provinces, # 8220 ; the same regulation that would acknowledge them to attest, would acknowledge them to all the equal rights of citizenship, and we might shortly see them at the polls, in the jury box, upon the bench, and in our legislative halls, # 8221 ; ( Beesley 123 ) . The opinion of the Hall tribunal instance led to many violent tumults among white American citizens and Chinese immigrants. Another action taken to seek and acquire rid of the Chinese immigrants was the California Miner? s Tax of 1855. Its exclusive intent was to drive Chinese immigrants out of the excavation concern by taxing foreign mineworkers every month. Many Chinese spoke out about these patterns. ? When your honest authorities threw unfastened the district of California, the people of other lands were welcomed here to seek for gold and to prosecute in trade. The ship-masters of your well-thought-of state came over to our state, lauded the equality of your Torahs, extolled the beauty of your manners an d imposts, and made it known that your officers and people were highly affable toward the Chinese # 8230 ; . we trusted in your earnestness # 8230 ; .But alas! what times are these! ? when former sort rela-tions are forgotten, when we Chinese are viewed like stealers and enemies # 8230 ; ? ( Pun 589 ) .These atrocious Torahs and patterns towards Chinese in-migration led to many violent events. In 1871, a rabble of Whites invaded a Chinese vicinity in Los Angles and killed 21 occupants. A similar event occurred in 1876 that became know as the Truckee Raid. During this incident, whites torched a Chinese place and shooting its occupants when they fled into the streets. More episodes followed that were frequently instigated by the? Order of Caucasians? , hoods who openly advocated force. Groups such as the? Order of Caucasians? became common during this clip period and provoked Chinese favoritism. The early favoritism of Chinese immigrants is the foundation for the ulterior favoritis m that developed and shortly pertained non merely to Chinese immigrants but to all immigrants in general.In 1879, Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Bill, giving in to coerce from anti-Chinese organisations and doing a trade with Western lawgivers who promised political favours. Subsequently, in 1882, Congress passed, and President Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act barred all Chinese immigrants from the United States for ten old ages, except pupils, merchandisers, and kids of Chinese-American citizens. Although this act was enacted, the Chinese already present in the United States, were ready and willing submit to the designs of white Americans: ? Their curiously cautiouss and nonaggressive character was shown in every line of industry # 8230 ; .Not the least of their good qualities appeared to be this inclination to mind their ain concern and steal off before the more aggressive Anglo-Saxon # 8230 ; .Several early perceivers and innovators praised their spirit of subordination to the jurisprudence in comparing with other and more anarchic immigrants # 8230 ; . # 8221 ; ( Coolidge 24 ) . In 1892, the exclusions were extended and they remained in topographic point until 1943. This peculiar exclusion act represented the first clip Congress had restricted in-migration and it marked the lone juncture in United States history that an cultural group was specifically singled out for exclusion. A head revenue enhancement was besides placed on each Chinese immigrant already present in the United States with the Chinese Exclusion Act taking to harsh attitudes from Chinese people towards the American authorities. The Chinese Exclusion Act is the foundation for the many cultural discriminatory Acts of the Apostless to follow covering with in-migration.In 1907, Theodore Roosevelt issued an executive order that forbade Nipponese to come in the United States from Mexico and Canada and so convinced Japan to deter its citizens from immigrating into the Uni ted States. The Gentlemen? s Agreement of 1907-8 ended the in-migration of Nipponese labourers to the United States by holding the Nipponese authorities garbage to publish passports to such individuals. This understanding besides said that the United States should halt favoritism against the Japanese. The Gentleman # 8217 ; s Agreement did let married womans to fall in their hubbies if they were already in America. Since the overpowering figure of Nipponese in the United States in 1907 were males, the understanding led to a rush in legal in-migration of females, who were frequently married by # 8220 ; proxy # 8221 ; in Japan to hubbies who chose married womans on the footing of images sent from the female parent state to America. The Gentlemen? s Agreement displays the favoritism towards Nipponese immigrants the beginning of general in-migration.The California Alien Land Acts of 1913 and 1920 affects merely Asians besides. The people most affected by this act are Nipponese husban dmans because it bars them from having land. Peoples affected by the California Alien Land Act are those # 8220 ; ineligible to citizenship # 8221 ; ( Asiatic immigrants ) who were non allowed to have or rent # 8220 ; existent belongings # 8221 ; ( land ) unless a United States pact provided otherwise. The effect was that Nipponese immigrants were non allowed to have farms in California. Most of the provinces west of the Mississippi River enacted similar Torahs shortly after. Harmonizing to these Torahs, if an foreigner non eligible to citizenship tested to rent or have agricultural land, the trade was considered void and the land became the belongings of the State. The Alien Land Laws were justified as a agency of protecting white husbandmans while at the same clip know aparting against the Nipponese immigrants because it left more land available for white husbandmans.In 1917, Congress established the Asiatic Barred Zone, closing off the flow of emigres from a part that encompa ssed non merely China, but besides Japan, Korea, India, Indochina, East Indies, Polynesia, parts of Russia, Arabia, and Afghanistan besides. This act was enacted to seek and ease the tenseness originating between American citizens and the reaching of many Asiatic immigrants. When this act was being created, the Asiatic Exclusion League demanded the exclusion of Koreans because they are the 3rd ample group from the Far East. Together, the limitations on Chinese, Nipponese, and Koreans excluded virtually all Asians who wanted to come to the United States. The Barred Zone Act made it about impossible for the in-migration of Indians to happen, although pupils, bookmans, curates of faith and merchandisers could come in and remain sometimes. As Sucheng Chan stated, # 8220 ; Stereotypes of Asiatic immigrants as drudgery, degraded, and servile people # 8211 ; so, practical slaves # 8211 ; notwithstanding, members of every Asian immigrant group did stand up for their rights and fought sub jugation in a myriad of ways # 8221 ; ( 81 ) . The favoritism of different cultural groups grows as new Acts of the Apostless and patterns are enacted doing more uproar between immigrants and non-immigrants.Immigrants frequently ran into problem when seeking to get married due to patterns of the United States. In 1880, the California Civil Code was amended to forbid inter-racial matrimonies between a white individual and a? Negro, Mulatto, Mongolian, and individuals of assorted blood. ? Again, the term? white? was interpreted slackly and hence, everyone that was non genuinely Caucasic was non considered to be white. The Expatriation Act of 1907 provided that an American adult female, naturalized or native born, who marries a alien loses her citizenship. This jurisprudence angered many adult females and was enforced to seek and cut down on the figure of immigrants come ining the state. Many adult females, although non involved straight with this act, found it to be corrupt. # 8220 ; Her right to stay a citizen or go one, to vote or exert other political fringe benefits of American citizenship, to shack in the United States without menace of exile or exile, to come in certain businesss, to re-enter the state after an absence abroad, to bask the protection of the U.S. authorities while going outside the state, and to procure American citizenship for her kids was now entirely dependent on the citizenship of the adult male she wed? ( Bredbenner 60 ) . The steering premise of this act is that any adult female, who would voluntarily get married a alien, is no longer meriting of and no longer to be trusted with, United States citizenship. These Torahs and patterns of immigrant and non-immigrant matrimonies are detering because many citizens really gave up their function in the American society to be with person that they truly attention for. In that sense, the Torahs did non ever? acquire the best? of the immigrants. The construct of a individual giving up their cit izenship to an immigrant displays how pathetic the Torahs and patterns affecting in-migration truly are.During the old ages of 1880 and 1920, the? Great Migration? , more than 27,000,000 immigrants were brought to the United States? dirt. Western Europeans continued to get in North America, but they were eclipsed by peoples from the Southern and Eastern parts of the continent. Before this? Great Migration? , ( 1850-1880 ) more than 200,000 Chinese, 90 % of them male, sailed across the Pacific Ocean and settled in California, Colorado, and other Western districts. Equally good as being a beginning of labour, these foreign people bring thoughts, theories, stuffs, and enrapturing new nutrients with them as they walk through the? Golden Gates. ? A whole new universe is revealed for the United States as these foreign human existences arrive on the American land. As more immigrants travel to the promise lands, more diverseness begins to happen. A society with a great trade of diverseness is frequently more likely to be acceptable to the new people because it is much more hard to individual out specific civilizations and cultural groups when such a assortment is present. The thoughts and imposts introduced to the United States through in-migration is good to the civilization as a whole because it allows cultural diverseness to happen making a balanced society of people.In 1921, the first quantitative in-migration jurisprudence was adopted to put impermanent quotas harmonizing to nationality. This jurisprudence, known as the Quota Act of 1921 put a ceiling on in-migration, leting each cultural group to turn each twelvemonth by 3 % of its population in 1910. The act established a annual ceiling of 357,000 immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere. This quota jurisprudence applied to all immigrants from Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and certain islands in the Atlantic and Pacific. In 1924, Congress enacted the Johnson-Reed Act ( National Origins Act ) which cut the overall ceiling 151,000 immigrants and decreased each annual nationality quota to 2 % of its per centum of the United States population as recorded in 1890. The act froze out Asiatic immigrants but exempted the quotas with Canada and Mexico because they were the 2 environing states and it was best to maintain peace with them. This act in 1924 is the first lasting in-migration quota jurisprudence to of all time be established in American history. It created a penchant quota system, non-quota position, consular control system, and the Border Patrol. The one-year quotas of the 1924 act were eventually made permanent in 1929. Immigrants from northern and western Europe are considered extremely adaptable and more likely to # 8220 ; fit in # 8221 ; with Americans than immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe are. Immigrants from Britain, Germany and Ireland were assigned generous quotas. The quotas for states such as Russia, the beginning for most Judaic i mmigrants, and Italy were cut back. Practically all Asians were barred from come ining the United States. The quotas set up erectile dysfunctions covering with in-migration are really of import because, without them, the United States would go overpopulated and it would easy deteriorate. If Congress did non make the quota Torahs as a manner to command who is allowed to come in the state, it would go forth the magnificent? Golden Gates? unfastened to anyone who wanted to come in the promise land. It is insane to even see allowing everyone of every ethnicity into the United States because the consequences would be lay waste toing for the American society. American citizens frequently criticize that the quota Torahs discriminate towards different cultural groups, but, in world, it is common sense to prefer allowing immigrants into the state that are more likely to? suit in? with the civilizations being practiced already. Diversity is good and it is fantastic that the United States realizes this point. Congress allows a certain figure of immigrants from each foreign state to come in the United States. The sta tes that contain more intellectually educated people are much more welcome in the United States because they are the people who will most likely benefit the society and economic system. Having unskilled immigrants invade the United States leads to cheap labour and, hence, the citizens already present in America will lose occupations. The Southern Railroad Company is an illustration of this. This peculiar railway hired Chinese to assist put track but they were resented by Whites because they accepted lower rewards. It is really logical for an employer to engage an immigrant who will work for low wage instead than a citizen who wants to gain more money. The quota Torahs helped forestall the whole thought of inexpensive labour in the United States. Although it did happen, without the quota Torahs present, the United States will shortly happen itself in complete poorness and hurt. Another act that is frequently considered controversial is the Immigration Act of 1917. This act stated that all immigrants older than 16 of age had to show literacy in one linguistic communication. It does non count in which linguistic communication the immigrant demonstrates this cognition. Peoples such as Roosevelt felt strongly about these types of actions by Congress, ? We have room in this state for but one flag, the Stars and Stripes? We have room for but one trueness, trueness to the United States? We have room for but one linguistic communication, the English linguistic communication? ( Day and Day 27 ) . This act is merely another manner for Congress to seek and better the United States by leting literate immigrants to come in instead than immigrants who are non highly intelligent.Congress really had sympathy for the many immigrants that wanted the chances of the United States. In 1903, the Pensionado Act was developed. This act was important because it allowed Filipino pup ils the chance to analyze in the United States. The instruction in the United States is far more advanced than that of the Philippines. In 1900, Congress enacted the Foraker Act, which granted Puerto Rico a modicum of local authorities. Under these conditions, Puerto Ricans are subjects, non citizens, like modern-day Filipinos. In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones-Shafroth Act. This jurisprudence gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. The Jones Act separated the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative subdivisions of Puerto Rican authorities, provided civil rights to the person, and created a locally elected bicameral legislative assembly. The 2 houses were a Senate consisting of 19 members and a 39-member House of Representatives. However, the Governor and the President of the United States had the power to blackball any jurisprudence passed by the legislative assembly. Besides, the United States Congress had the power to halt any action taken by the legislative assembly i n Puerto Rico. The U.S. maintained control over financial and economic affairs and exercised authorization over mail services, in-migration, defence and other basic governmental affairs. Under this act, all Puerto Ricans are declared citizens unless they officially reject that position. Overall, the United States was really sympathetic for immigrants and granted them many rights that would let them to stand out in life.Although Congress is considered to be rough with in-migration Torahs, they genuinely do care about the immigrants but they besides fear the consequences of excessively many immigrants in the United States. In 1924, Congress made all native-born American Indians citizens of the United States. This action by Congress is a immense measure for the American Indian population because, in 1887, the Dawes Act was truly the lone intimation that the Native Americans would hold a portion in the American society. The Dawes Act conferred citizenship on acculturated Indians non pop ulating on reserves, citizenship that many Western provinces and vicinities refused, in pattern, to acknowledge. Therefore, the given citizenship for Native Americans was a really of import portion of their Hunt for equality. In 1922, Congress passed the Cable Act which ended the prejudiced pattern of the Expatriation Act of 1907 except for those female citizens who married? foreigners ineligible to citizenship, ? ( Asiatic foreigners. ) The Cable Act was the more advanced signifier of an 1855 act that said residential foreign adult females who married American citizens were automatically citizens. Simply for protection grounds for immigrants, the Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885,1887,1888, and 1891 prohibited immigrants from come ining the state to work under contracts made before their reaching. Despite unfavorable judgment that Congress receives for many in-migration Torahs, it is shown through these peculiar Torahs and patterns merely how willing Congress was to allow rights to different cultural groups.The commixture of cultural groups was considered a? runing pot. ? ? ? America is God? s Crucible, the great Melting Pot where all the races of Europe are runing and reforming! Here you stand, good common people, think I, when I see them at Ellis Island, here you stand in your 50 groups with your 50 linguistic communications and histories, and your 50 blood hates and competitions, but you won? T be long like that brothers, for these are the fires of God you? ve come to- these are the fires of God? God is doing the American? the existent American has non yet arrived. He is merely in the crucible, I tell you- he will be the merger of all the races, the coming demigod? ( Zangwill 37 ) . Although many people accept the theory of a? runing pot? , some Americans still disagree with this system. ? It is no solution for those who wish to take part in American life, and yet want to retain their cultural individuality? ( Jacobson 645 ) . Many people didn? t appreciat ion the construct that if conditions in a female parent state are bad plenty to desire to immigrate into another state that a individual is traveling to hold to give in a small. In this instance, giving up some of their civilization to conform more to the American civilization was merely one forfeit that was expected. The United States wants to assist out different cultural groups, but it is highly hard to assist out each group on an single footing and it is non logical to allow all immigrants the same rights because they come from different rational and cultural backgrounds with different involvements and outlooks.Congress developed many different ways to test who can come in the United States. These procedures are really of import in commanding the type of population that lives in the United States. In 1891, Congress created the Immigration and Naturalization Service, otherwise known as the INS. This service was developed to administrate federal Torahs associating to the admittanc e, exclusion, and exile of foreigners and the naturalisation of foreigners legitimately shacking in the United States. The INS was required to implement the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the Contract Labor Law of 1885, and the Immigration Act of 1891. In 1875, a jurisprudence that prohibited entry of cocottes and inmates established direct federal ordinance of in-migration. The authorities of the United States saw these types of people as a danger to the state. In 1892, the INS opened up an in-migration testing station at Ellis Island in New York Harbor and claimed this to be the INS central office. Sing Ellis Island was astonishing for most immigrants: ? I remember seeing the Statue of Liberty for the first clip and it was the greatest bang. It was a really clear, sharp twenty-four hours in February. And it was such a bang that it? s difficult to depict? ( Coan 207 ) . More than 12,000,000 immigrants underwent in-migration processing or detainment at Ellis Island from January 1, 1 892 until November 12, 1954.Congress is seeking really hard to test immigrants come ining the United States so that lone immigrants that can lend positively will be allowed entryway by set uping an orderly method of make up ones minding which immigrants could remain and which immigrants would non be allowed to stay in the United States. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 is an illustration of testing immigrants because it barred inmates, the insane, and the cognitively disabled from come ining the United States. In 1893, the United States authorities made it a demand that steamer companies had to enter in manifests the critical statistics of all riders aboard that peculiar ship. Many people were involved with this technique of testing immigrants. An immigrant inspector was given the undertaking of verifying the information on the manifest sheets and was given the power to alter or simplify immigrant names. Many times the names of immigrants were either shortened or replaced with more ? Americanized? names. This made it non merely easier on the inspectors to place different immigrants but it besides made it easier for the immigrants to? suit in? with the people populating in America. Immigrants seeking to come in the United States have to demo their money to inspectors to turn out that they are non paupers. Equally controversial as this issue seems to be, it is really logical for the authorities to desire immigrants to hold some money. As the immigrants venture out into the new lands, the United States hopes that they will be able to pass some money in America and assist the state to thrive. In 1906, cognition of the English linguistic communication was made a basic demand for immigrants. Congress felt that if an immigrant was traveling to come to America, that it would be necessary for that individual to cognize English so that endurance in the New World would non be so hard. Legislation excluded all mentally handicapped individuals, paupers, and those who might go public charges. It excluded those enduring from a contagious disease, every bit good as those convicted of a felony, an crying offense, or a misdemeanour affecting a moral depravity. Anarchists were added to the list of unacceptable foreigners in 1903. In 1907, Congress passed a jurisprudence excepting immigrants with physical disablements or mental defects that might impact their ability to gain a life. The United States authorities was really concerned for these immigrants? public assistance and did non desire to see them come in the state and stop up in poorness. The same jurisprudence besides barred those immigrants that had TB and kids unaccompanied by their parents. After 1907, immigrants had to show their physical wellness during a thorough medical scrutiny. In 1924, the Immigration Bureau made immigrants registry with the authorities and gave them paperss that described their legal position. The Immigration Bureau has been a portion of the Department of Labor since 1913. This really of import Immigration Bureau set up the Border Patrol which is made up of 400 recruits who are trained in jurisprudence, probe techniques, fingerprinting, jujutsu, the usage of pieces, and tracking and draging. These are all really of import Torahs and patterns established by the United States Congress as a manner to cover with the enormous figure of people who crave in-migration into America. Each act is enacted for different grounds but in general, if Congress sits back and does nil about this haste of immigrants to America, our state will crumple and, non merely will immigrants suffer, but besides the citizens that have already gained their rights to be here will be devastated. It is non just to make that to the American citizens. Although many immigrants find it to be know aparting towards their specific cultural group, when analysing the construct of showing, it is really apparent to see why Congress has developed more Torahs. The United States authorities is non n escient ; they merely want what is best for the state. If maintaining the American citizens secure with an economic system of prosperity and a society of felicity is non considered carnival, so justification for these Acts of the Apostless and patterns can non be described. A state filled with hoods, cocottes, and unskilled people benefits the state in no manner and therefore the intelligent United States of America authorities use their power to make systems to assist avoid this awful hereafter from happening.Laws and patterns established by the United States towards in-migration during 1865 and 1930 are really just despite the contention and unfavorable judgment that exists over this issue. Discrimination occurs with different cultural groups but for those immigrants permitted into the state, the chance to stand out in life is first-class. The Torahs and patterns established to command in-migration into the United States limited the sum of poorness that can be present in the state . Besides, the state # 8217 ; s authorities is looking out for the best involvement of American citizens by non leting stupid, unskilled, thugs into the state. Without these of import patterns and Torahs created by the United States Congress? cheap? labour would overmaster American citizen labour and take the state to an economic and societal dislocation. No inquiry exists that the Torahs and patterns established by the United States towards in-migration do so know apart certain cultural groups but, in order for the state to keep a stable and organized society, the actions of Congress are necessary. These patterns and Torahs offer immigrants an chance to break their lives merely by walking through the? Golden Gates. ? The Statue of Liberty abundantly symbolizes hope for immigrants, ? Give me your tired, your hapless, your huddled multitudes hankering to take a breath free, the deplorable garbage of your pullulating shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the aureate door! ? ( Lazarus 42 )361